What Is the Romanesque Revival House Style

During the 1870s, Louisiana-born Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-1886) captured the American imagination with rugged, forceful buildings. After studying at Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Richardson took on the American northeast, influencing the architectural styles in major cities, like in Pittsburgh with the Allegheny County Courthouse and in Boston with the iconic Trinity Church. These buildings were called Romanesque because they had wide, rounded arches like buildings in ancient Rome. H. H. Richardson became so famous for his Romanesque designs that the style is often called Richardsonian Romanesque instead of Romanesque Revival, an architecture that flourished in America from 1880 until 1900. Why Romanesque Revival? Buildings of the 19th century are often mistakenly called simply Romanesque. This is inaccurate. Romanesque architecture describes a type of building from the early Medieval period, the era from about 800 to 1200 AD. The rounded arches and the massive walls—influences from the Roman Empire—are characteristic of the Romanesque architecture of that period. They are also characteristic of architecture built in the late 1800s. When architectural details of the past are used by a future generation, its said that the style has become revived. In the late 1800s, the Romanesque style of architecture was being imitated or revived, which is why its called Romanesque Revival.  Architect H.H. Richardson led the way, and his style ideas were often imitated. Romanesque Revival Features: Constructed of rough-faced (rusticated), square stonesRound towers with cone-shaped roofsColumns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designsLow, broad Roman arches over arcades and doorwaysPatterned masonry arches over windowsMultiple stories and complicated roofing systemsMedieval details such as stained glass, characteristic of Gothic architecture Why in Post-Civil War America? After the 1857 Depression and after the 1865 surrender at Appomattox Court House,  the United States entered a period of great economic growth and industrial invention. Architectural historian Leland M. Roth calls this era the Age of Enterprise. What distinguishes the period from 1865 to 1885, in particular, is the boundless energy that pervaded all aspects of American culture, writes Roth. The general enthusiasm and the attitude that change was possible, desirable, and imminent were genuinely invigorating. The heavy Romanesque Revival style was especially suited for grand public buildings. Most people could not afford to build private houses with Roman arches and massive stone walls. However, during the 1880s, a few wealthy industrialists embraced the Romanesque Revival to build elaborate and often fanciful Gilded Age mansions. During this time, elaborate Queen Anne architecture was at the height of fashion. Also, the rambling Shingle Style became a popular choice for vacation homes, especially along the northeast coast of the USA. Not surprisingly, Romanesque Revival homes often have Queen Anne and Shingle Style details. About the Cupples House, 1890: Pennsylvania-born Samuel Cupples (1831-1921) started out selling wooden utensils, but he made his fortune in warehousing. Settling in St. Louis, Missouri, Cupples expanded his own woodenware business and then formed a partnership to build distribution centers near the Mississippi River and the railroad crossroads. By the time his own home was finished in 1890, Cupples had amassed millions of dollars.   St. Louis architect Thomas B. Annan (1839-1904) designed the three-story home with 42 rooms and 22 fireplaces. Cupples sent Annan to England to get a firsthand look at the Arts and Crafts movement, especially the detailing of William Morris, which are incorporated throughout the mansion. Cupples himself is said to have chosen the Romanesque Revival architectural style, the eras popular expression of a mans wealth and stature in an increasingly capitalistic United States—and before the codification of the federal income tax laws. Source: A Concise History of American Architecture by Leland M. Roth, 1979, p. 126 A Field Guide to American Houses by Virginia and Lee McAlester, 1984 American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home by Lester Walker, 1998 American House Styles: A Concise Guide by John Milnes Baker, AIA, Norton, 1994 Urban castles for Gilded-Age Barons, Old-House Journal at www.oldhousejournal.com/magazine/2002/november/roman_revival.shtml

Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia...

Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a visible, psychological illness that is detrimental to both the physical and mental well-being of an individual (Bulik et al., 2005). It is an eating disorder that is characterized by not only an unwillingness to gain weight, but a fear of gaining weight. Individuals suffering from anorexia are often perfectionists, who are neurotic, obsessive, and retain a low sense of self-esteem (Kaye et al., 2008; Bulik et al., 2005). These individuals tend to prioritize their physical image over their health, and as a result, AN has retained the highest mortality rate over any other psychiatric illness, occurring at a prevalence of 5% per†¦show more content†¦Using a quantitative method, Karpowicz, Skarsater and Nevonen (2009) examined the changes in self-esteem of patients treated with anorexia nervosa, before and after treatment. 38 young female patients, ages 16 to 25, being treated for anorexia at Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, were included in t his study. All participants of this study had previously been diagnosed with AN according to the DSM-IV. Assessment of self-esteem was conducted before treatment and after treatment using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE-S), which is comprised of ten questions about the patient’s self-image: five negative and five positive. The EDI-2 was also used to evaluate self-esteem of the female patients, with the bulimia subscale disregarded. The outcomes of the two questionnaires showed significant improvement in a patient’s self-esteem between the pre-treatment assessment and the post-treatment assessment (Karpowicz et al., 2009). The results concluded that an individual suffering from anorexia had very high body dissatisfaction and weight phobia before treatment- a result of low self-esteem- but after three months of intense treatment, both body dissatisfaction and weight phobia diminished, and self-esteem increased, resulting in a positive correlation between overcoming anorexia and self-esteem (Karpowicz et al., 2009). This allowed Karpowicz et al. (2009) toShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Nature And Nurture : Adolescence Eating Disorders1735 Words   |  7 Pagesfind that a number of biological , psychological and sociocultural factors might trigger eating disorders. For the biological (genetic) –Natural factors that contribute to the ED include being a female, certain age ,certain genes and family history . For the sociocultural factors (Nurture) like the media, society , peers , presence of other comorbidity like anxiety ,OCD and depression. Biological-Genetic (Natural) factors Recent behavioral genetic studies suggest that the biological susceptibilityRead MoreThe Eating Disorder And Anorexia Nervosa1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe eating disorder anorexia nervosa is one of complex nature that is caused and sustained by many interconnected factors of life. Characterized by strict dieting, an unrealistic perception of body image, excessive exercise, depression, and OCD, this disorder has the ability to boycott the lives of many individuals (Pinel, 2014). In order to understand the effects that this disorder has, it is essential to look at the socio-cultural, psychological, and physiological factors this disorder can entailRead MoreEssay about Anorexia1309 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders and prove the these disease, specifically Anorexia Nervosa, continue to plague of women due to psychological and environmental factors along with pressure from the media. The term â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† is misleading. It means â€Å"loss of appetite due to nerves. † But people with anorexia don’t actually lose their appetite until the late stages of their starvation. Until, they do feel hungry, but they just won’t eat. People affected by anorexia have an extreme fear of gaining weight. In additionRead More Anorexia Nervosa - Includes Bi Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pages Anorexia Nervosa nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In America, girls are given the message at a very young age that in order to be happy and successful, they must be thin. 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The individualRead MoreUnderstanding Eating Disorders through a Biomedical Model or by Socio-Cultural Analysis3250 Words   |  13 PagesCan We Better Understand Eating Disorders, Namely Anorexia Nervosa, Through A Biomedical Model Or By Socio-cultural Analysis? ‘It’s like I never knew what self-respect was all about until now. The thinner I get, the better I feel†¦this has become the most important thing I’ve ever done. ‘ (Ciseaux, 1980, p.1468) Incidences of Anorexia Nervosa have appeared to increase sharply in the USA, UK and western European countries since the beginning of the 60s (Gordon, 2001). The increasing prevalenceRead MoreWhat Causes Eating Disorders in Teens? Essay2331 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction This research plan is about the causes of eating disorders among teenagers. Environmental and personal factors play important roles in determining eating patterns and these need to be examined in order to understand how they are related or not to eating disorders. In so doing, it will also be possible to determine the significance of this research and apply it to the modern-day context. Literature review Introduction Recent studies have shown that eating disorders, termed EDs,Read More Substance Misuse Among Women with Eating Disorders Essay2236 Words   |  9 Pagesgeneral population. Most of the research agrees that substance misuse is more common in patients with bulimia nervosa and the binge eating/purging subtype of patients with anorexia than in women with the restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa. Researchers and specialists have proposed a range of theories to account for the strong association between substance misuse and bulimia nervosa. Experiments have not provided evidence to conclusively support any one theory. However, studies conducted in theRead Moreâ€Å" Anorexia Nervosa † Research Paper3155 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å" ANOREXIA NERVOSA † INTRODUCTION Most of us have heard at least one story of an emaciated teen age girl who starves herself because she’s convinced she’s fat. But despite anorexia’s TV – talk show familiarity, misconceptions about it abound. As a result, many sufferers can often go moths or even years before someone notices that they’re sick and steers them toward help. Some teenage girls go through this kind of disorder at different times of their lives. This kind of illnessRead MoreEating Disorders and Free Essays8687 Words   |  35 Pagesdisorders. There is no simple explanation, and no one answer that applies everyone. There are several types of eating disorders, but the most prevalent in adolescent and young adult females are anorexia nervosa and bulimia (Larocca, 1986). There are six main areas that potentially explain just why it is that people succumb to anorexia and bulimia. These factors are biological, psychological, family, social, cultural, and media (Siegel, Brisma n Weinshel, 2002).... [tags: Eating Disorders Health Psychology

The Process Of Unification Occurred Over A 100 Year Period

The process of unification occurred over a 100 year period, and was spurred on by a number of individuals, both Italians such as Cavour and Crispi and foreigners such as napoleon the III. There were, however, different stages of unification throughout the entire process. The actions of each key individual must be assessed within each stage they influenced and how their actions affected unification in a positive or negative way. The first stage of unification was 1800 to 1815, where Napoleon I was the primary mover. He made a huge number of changes such as changing ruling dynasties , simplifying trade boundaries, and most importantly, establishing his ‘Code Napoleon’ as law. Mack Smith argues that these reforms made Italy change†¦show more content†¦It can therefore be concluded that the advancements Napoleon made were only short term and he intended to just create a satellite of France, and giving the Italians too much of a unification spirit would have made them too strong. However, he did have a long-term political significance; he for political unity and inadvertently encouraged the Italians’ dislike of foreigners through his enforced conscription policies, which encouraged a sense of nationalism for the first time. The next stage was 1815 to 1849, involving primarily the Austrian Chancellor Prince Clemens von Metternich and the Italian political idealist Giuseppe Mazzini. They had an almost symbiotic relationship, ether justifying the others existence. This is argued by Sarti who implies Mazzini and Metternich helped unification through their hatred of each other; Mazzini served as the ideologist and Metternich the oppressor, each justified the other’s involvement in italy. Berkley says that there was â€Å"truth in Metternich’s thousand-times reiterated assertion that he was defending law and order† because if Mazzini’s revolutions had been successful, â€Å"there would have been bloodshed and utter anarchy † . It is certainly

The Cognitive Capabilities Between Males And Females Essay

Comparing the cognitive capability between males and females has proliferated in scientific research. Throughout the years, men and women have exhibited multiple differences in behavioral, hormonal, and cognitive development. For this reason, many have questioned, disputed, and compared the brain capacity and productivity of each gender such as memory performance. In particular, known studies on memory performance have demonstrated the distinct cognitive capabilities between both sexes. Scientific studies conducted in this topic revealed stimulating results, which is that there is a significant difference on memory performances between genders. Studies showed that female subjects perform far superior in visual imagery tests than male subjects, thus, revealing that women are cognitively advantaged in pictorial memory (Doreen, 1992; Marks, 1973). In this lab, individuals who identified as male were compared against with individuals who identified as female through a brain memory test i n order to recognize the cognitive differences in memory performance. The hypothesis for this experiment is that female individuals will have a higher significant difference in recall record and average response time than male individuals. On the other hand, the null hypothesis for this case is that both the recall record and average response will be the same on both genders. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted using an online software program called The Memory InterferenceShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Hormones On Learning Performance1148 Words   |  5 Pagesgonadal hormone ups and downs, impact their learning capabilities and memory retrieval. Males with the predominance of testosterone learn in a unique way and exhibit certain advantages like spatial learning over females. Females on the other hand, with the predominance of estrogen exhibit their own unique learning capabilities and styles which is all dependent on their estrous cycles, pregnancy, and postpartum. These differences between males and females have the potential of greatly impacting curriculumRead MoreSex DIfferences - Halari et al replication Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pages This experiment performed by the males and females in the Tuesday 4pm psychology lab, was done as a replication of the Halari et al experiment in London in 2005. The hypothesis in the original experiment was that women will, on average, gain a higher verbal fluency score than men and men will, on average, perform more accurately than women on mental rotation. The results obtained from Halari et al’s (2005) clearly prove this hypothesis correct. The results also rejected the null hypothesis whichRead MoreFemale Students Pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, Or Mathematics Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe number of female students pursuing science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) majors in US colleges has been on the increase, even though male dominance persists, particularly in the upper levels of STEM careers. Male and female students at the elementary, middle, and high school levels leave school equally prepared to pursue STEM majors at the college and university levels. However, fewer females tend to pursue these majors. Female students are less likely to indicate intentionsRead MoreEvolution Of Gesture And Vocal Communication1538 Words   |  7 Pagesare the model organisms in the field of animal communication and neuro-scientific studies. Apes DNA is about 98.6% similar to humans possessing cognitive, emotional and psychological characteristic which closely resemble humans. Not long ago scientists started studying primates because of these characteristics and most of the work is in the field of cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Phylogenetically, primates and human fall under the same branch called Hominidae and non-human (primates) are human’sRead MoreThe Themes Listed Under Functional Age1294 Words   |  6 Pageselaborate on how biological, psychological and sociological factors contribute towards describing the definition of what it is to be old. As stated in my introduction, functional age has advantages over chronological age by better measuring the capabilities of an individual. Seniors are often stereotyped and underestimated that has led it to being generalized across the elder population. This report will use peer reviewed research articles and the lived experience of a senior to support the thesisRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia1563 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders that affects both male and females, respectively. This illness is characterized by gradual increase in changes of perception, thinking, social activities, speech, feelings, and motivations. Many studies have shown that there is a clear difference in outcome between genders including symptom severity, age-at-onset and functional outcome (as cited in Gogos, Kwek and van den Buuse, 2011, p. 213). For example, schizophrenia occurs on averageRead MoreChimpanzees and Tool Use1322 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in captivity makes a difference between studying wild chimps. These interesting creatures can be found naturally in the rainforests of Africa. Development of tool use: â€Å"Tool use is rare in animals, and the chimpanzees stand out as the most proficient tool users besides humans† (Boesh, Boesch-Achermann18). Some debate has taken place between researchers regarding how these chimpanzees learn to use these tools and whether or not there is a difference between wild chimps and captive chimp’s toolRead MoreSex And Disability : An Open Minded Perspective From Individuals1313 Words   |  6 Pagesin which these individuals can confide in. They are made to fear their own sexuality. When it comes to defining the term: gender, there is often an obscure and seemingly specific way the majority of our society conforms it to be. You are either female or male. Of course, when discussing the topic of gender, there is the attributed notions that are often attached to such terms. These characteristics are often stereotypical idealized images of gender roles such that women are passive and men are aggressiveRead MoreA Critical Textual Analysis : Feminine Identity And The Essentialistic Ideas Of The Late Nineteenth Century Between Men And1286 Words   |  6 PagesThis critical textual analysis will examine feminine identity and the essentialistic ideas of the late nineteenth century between men and women as elaborated by Kaplan and Rogers in â€Å"Essentialisms, Determinisms. It will include an analysis of theories regarding dichotomies of biological determinism and cranial classification. Essentialism argues that there are categories of objects and genres that have es sential characteristics, notwithstanding individual variation, and that these essential characteristicsRead MoreThe Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay880 Words   |  4 Pageschildren would perform more poorly on event based prospective tasks than adolescents, but that adolescents would perform at the same level as young adults.† (Ward, et al., 2005). It was also hypothesized that when cognitive demands on prefrontal capacity got higher, the differences between both groups (children with and without TBI, and adolescents with and without TBI) would widen. (Ward, et al., 2005) II. Methods Fourteen children and fourteen adolescents with TBI, and twenty-five children and adolescents

Juvenile Justice System Free Essays

The juvenile justice system and parents across America struggle on a day-to-day basis with their children and substance abuse. It is stated that four out of every five children arrested within the system are under the influence of a substance (alcohol or drugs) when committing the crimes that forced them to be detained and arrested (Alcoholism. about. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now com, 2010). It is reported within the textbook that seventy-three percent of high school seniors had used alcohol within the past year, which makes the possibility of teenagers entering the juvenile justice system even higher (Siegel Welsh, 2009). It is also believed that we as a society, does not provide the adequate support to those youth that are using controlled substances; which could in turn result in a more positive outcome, versus a decline in their behavior from initial arrest (Alcholism. about. com, 2010). This is a very true statement because in 2009, the SAMSHA reported that 374,000 citizens were treated for substance abuse between the ages of eighteen to twenty-four; that does not include the amount of individuals who did not seek help and those that were even younger. It also does not tell the story about how many of those individuals started using controlled substances at an earlier age as a juvenile (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, n. d. ). According to Joseph Califano, Jr. , we are writing of the younger Americans by releasing them back into society without attending to their substance abuse needs (Alcholism. about. com, 2010). As an American, it is notable that social status plays a vital role in why juveniles embark into the realm of substance abuse. When children aren’t accepted by their peers, they tend to lash out and try things to make their peers accept them, or hide in a corner and not seek any help because they want to be left alone (Siegel Welsh, 2009). Social disorganization plays another vital role in why juveniles resort to substance abuse. Because the United States has so many different juvenile justices systems, it is hard to be held accountable for the different practices taking place, and the fact that non of the practices are helping one hundred percent of the time is unacceptable (Alcoholism. bout. com, 2010). Many juveniles fall into the system, and because there is limited help for them within their state/system, they become long time offenders and turn their adult careers into offending and spend the majority of their lives in adult prison institutions (Alcoholism. about. com, 2010). It is estimated that if provided the proper treatment, juvenile course could save a whopping $14 Billion per year (Alcoh olism. about. om, 2010), but it is up to the state and local governments to put the time, efforts and resources into the system to help rehabilitate the youth while they are young, because at some point, the rehabilitation slows or stops completely. It is and always has been difficult to judge whether punishing juveniles was more acceptable than rehabilitating them, but numbers in the state of California has declined to show that rehabilitating is the most viable option to release the strain on our justice system and over crowding in prisons (Mellon, 2008). At times, the most viable option is not the best, but in this situation, it is believed that if you truly want to help youth and keep them on the path of becoming responsible citizens, it is very much necessary to rehabilitate them and coach them early in their childhoods. If we wait until after they commit a crime and become a reactive society, the numbers will blossom into a flower that does not glorify our country. Adults who commit violent crimes that are not first time offenders, they generally had a record as a juvenile that was never addressed and rehabilitated (Deitch, Barstow, Lukens, Reyna, n. d. ). Although rehabilitation is not always the answer, it can definitely help solve the equation. Alcoholism. about. com. , (2010). Most Juvenile Offenders use Drugs, Alcohol. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from http://alcoholism. about. com/od/teens/a/blcasa041007. htm Deitch, M. , Barstow, A. , Lukens, L. Reyna, R. , (n. d. ). From Time Out to Hard Time: Young Children in the Adult Criminal Justice System. Retrieved February 6, 2012 from http://www. utexas. edu/lbj/archive/news/images/file/From%20Time%20Out%20to%20Hard%20Time-revised%20final. pdf Mellen, G. , (2008). A Historic Struggle: Punishment or Rehabilitation. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from http://www. presstelegram. com/justice/ci_9327709 Siegel, L. J, Welsh, B. C. , (2009). Juvenile Delinquency –Theory, Practice and Law. Califor nia. How to cite Juvenile Justice System, Papers

IBM Stretch Project Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Project Management. Answer: Introduction to the project The process of project management can be considered as field, which can be applied to any concept. In these aspect different types of tools, techniques are skills are implemented to reach the outcome of the project. There are different phases, which are included in the concept of project management for example planning, execution and control as well as the time, which is one of the most dominating player in this aspect. The main aspect, which is very much crucial for the process of project management, is the initial phases of the process. This is mainly the phase where almost all the crucial parts, which are related to the project, are taken into consideration. The project, which is taken into consideration, is the IBM Stretch Project (Joslin and Mller 2015). This project is taken into consideration due to the factor that it has a range of factors, which are involved in it, which resulted in the failure of the project. The main aim of the report is to put emphasis on the concept of project management taking into consideration the IBM Stretch project. The factors, which are involved in the concept, which resulted in the project failure, are taken into consideration. There are many factors such as cost factor and the concept of project overtime, which played a vital role in the failure issue. Range of used control systems Cost: The factor of price can be considered as one of the most important factors, which could affect the overall working of the project and the final delivery of the project. The aspects, which are related to the concept of cost, is the estimation of the cost, which would be involved into the framework of the project for its proper execution. In this context, it can be stated that the concept of estimation, budgeting and cost control are defined as the three unaffiliated processes. These factors are majorly interrelating on each other for their working and the process of the implementation (Schwalbe 2015). If the time of the project exceeds the desired estimation, it would be directly effecting the factor of cost. The cost issue can sometimes play a negative role for example if the cost of a project is decreased it would be effecting the quality of the project. The compromise sector of the quality can do a major harm to the organization who is involved into the scenario. In order to keep a track with the cost of a project it should be taken into consideration that the all the parameters which are related to the cost or the factors which can affect the cost are taken into consideration at the starting of the project. There are three sectors, which should be focused during the process of cost estimation, which are cost of the labor, the overhead cost that can be involved into the project and the administrative cost. In the project of IBM Stretch, the cost of the project was on the lower end due to the factor that the organisation wanted to make a software, which would be more advanced within the budget of the project. This mainly resulted in the project not reaching the expectation that is should have reached. It should be always taken into consideration that the in order to reach higher standard of quality the cost should be put on the higher end due to the factor that higher the cost of the project the higher would be the quality of the final product (Mir, F.A. and Pinnington 2014). Schedule: The process of schedule can be considered as a mechanism, which mainly describe the communication, which has to be created in the framework of the project relating to what has to be done in order to match all the criteria of the project. In this context the organisations resources, which have to be used, are also taken into consideration. The schedule can be stated as a document, which mainly consist of all the information relating to different aspects related to the project. People have different time schedule, different time of working and different leave aspects all these factors play a vital role in this planning and the scheduling of the project (Caldern and Ruiz 2015). There are different types of tool, which can be used in this context in order to get all the aspects together. The use of the tools can be very much beneficial form the point of the view of the planning purpose and the process of scheduling due to the reason that a project can have many moving parts inv olved into its working. These moving parts are can have frequently changing schedule; the software can be directly utilized in order to plan according to the schedule change. In many cases, the software can also create alarm, which can be used to get a clear idea that some type of issue is faced in the project either internally or externally. In this scenario, the quality of the product can also be judged by this concept. The main problem, which is faced by the IBM Stretch project, was the quality. The organisation tried to match certain standard of increasing the speed of the processing, which was not, reached which resulted in a complete project failure (Menzies 2014). Quality: The term quality can be used to describe the standard of the quality, which is being provided to the customers. When it comes to the concept of project management, the quality aspect can be considered as one of the most important aspects, which should be, not be compromised. If the factor of the quality is compromised in most of the cases, the project can be a failure. The term quality does not always mean perfection or the quality of the service, which is generated but also implies the concept of consistency relating to all the phases throughout the project. In order to maintain the quality the team member, team manager and the stakeholders work together in a form of a team to reach the pre fixed goal of the organisation. In every team, there is a quality management team who basically take into consideration the aspect of quality planning, quality assurance and the concept of quality control. Some of the aspects, which are related to the concept of quality, are the performa nce, consistency, functionality, reliability and more. After taking into consideration the purpose, the means of achieving the goal can be defined. Quality control: The quality control phase take into consideration the operation that are involved in the process to ensure the standard of the quality are reached. During the process of development if any problem arise, relating to the quality of the product or the service corrective action should be implemented immediately so that the impact, which the factor would be holding on the quality, can be rectified. Quality planning: This phase can be considered as a step, which mainly defines the aspect of creating the quality plan. In every sector of project development, there should always be an objective or a goal and all the members work towards reaching the goal. The focus point, which is related to the concept of achieving the standard of quality, should be conveyed to the stakeholders. After the basic implementation phase is conducted, it should be taken into consideration the means of how to achieve the goal. Quality assurance: The quality assurance tactics is mainly conducted throughout the process of implementation of the project. The process is mainly taken into consideration mainly to take into consideration whether the project is moving towards the goal and reaching the standard, which it is expected to reach. Scope: The scope identifies the aspects which are involved in the process of planning the project. The project is considered as a viewpoint of external as well as internal working. This process is very much specific, tangible and measurable. In order to complete the project successfully the project manager and the user should be involved in it. The project manager in this context is directly responsible for getting the overall viewpoint of the project from the customer. Regarding a quality-oriented project as seen in the IBM Stretch project, it should have been taken into consideration how the project should be behaving before actual process of the implementation is started. The scope of a project mainly defines the following points (Kerzner 2017). Deliverables: The project deliverables may include the objective of the project or what the project is intended to deliver to the client or the customers. The main aspect, which can be included in this context, is that how the final product would be looking like and what the system is expected to perform when the overall process of implementation is completed. Milestones: This can be considered as an event, which can be considered a unique point in a project scenario. This is reached in some point of time during the development phase of the project. The segments of significant important task are included into the concept of milestone. It consist of a rough estimation of the resources, which would be used by the project, the time and the overall cost of the project. The milestones is constructed using the deliverables of the project. Project objectives: the customer according to their requirement on how the project should be operating creates the project objectives. It is the role of the software developers to take into consideration all the aspects, which are related to the project objectives and deliver them to the customer. At the end of the project in order to see whether the project has been successful or not the project objectives are checked in order to see whether they have been meet or not. Limit and exclusion: In the concept of framing up of the project, limit and exclusion should be very well defined during the start of the project. Failure of a project can lead to expansion of the resources and expectation as well as the concept of time. The review of the customer, internal and external check consist of the checklist of the scope (Jrgensen, Mohagheghi and Grimstad 2017). Customer review: When a software or a product is delivered to the client, the review of the customer is very much important. The customer have the right to give the exact feedback after using the project. The review can be very much beneficial sometimes due to the reason that it can lead to the betterment of the product. Sometimes the feedback can also be harsh from the point of view of the customers due the quality or the service of the product (Fleming and Koppelman 2016). Cost and/or time overruns encountered There are many factors, which may be involved in the concept of cost overrun. The factors, which play a dominating role in this aspect, are stated below: Unfeasible cost estimation: Taking into consideration the factor of cost should be considered as one of the vital aspects of any process of project. In most of the cases it is seen project face failure due to the factor that the cost related to the project are overturned. The main reason behind a project being budget overrun is that someone who is not experienced does the estimation of the project. At the starting phase of the project, it can be seen to be very much realistic but later on, it shows that it was very much unrealistic. Underfinancing: The concept of underfinancing is that enough of the fund is not allocated to the project. This may result in the project not meeting the expected quality of the customer. It can sometimes lead to complete failure of the project due to underfinancing. Prolonged project schedule: In most of the cases, it is seen that a project is running within the schedule time framework, it does not mean that the project is running within the constructed budget. It has to be always checked that both the factors of time as well as budget are within the limit. If one of the factors increase, it would be affecting the other factor. Lack of backup plan: In many cases, it is seen that a project faces some problem relating to cost, resources or time framework. In such a situation back up has to be established which can be implemented at that time so that situation is made under control. If there, no backup plan the project would be at a high risk of getting to failure. Underestimating project complexity: Large and complex project should have high amount of complexity added to them. This mean the factor of budgeting is very much crucial. If one of the aspects relating to it is ignored or not meet then the project would be ending up in a failure (Fernndez-Alemn et al. 2016). Time over run There are many factors, which are involved into the framework of project, which may result in time over run. Few of the important factors, which result in time over run, are stated below: Not meeting the expectation of the client: In some cases it is seen that the project does the not meet the expectation of the client or the project is rejected by the client. Insuch situations the projects have to created all over again which can be a factor of time over run due to the factor that the project have to started again from scratch. An element of labor: sometimes it is seen that the delay is from the end of the software who are the labor involved in the process taking into consideration any software development process. Taking into consideration when a project is facing some sort of complex scenario, the time, which would be needed by the deliver, would be on the higher end, which may cause time over run. Client end delay: the client can also play a dominating role in the process of project time over run. This situation can be taken into consideration when a client wants any changes to the part, which have been already created according to the requirement of the project. Most of time the alteration have to done so that the client is satisfied with the service. Project execution team responsibility The IBM Stretch project failed due to the lack of proper implementation of the project, which resulted in the project not meeting the expected result. In any case, of development the pattern, which is followed by organisations, may vary which depends on the pattern of the project. It can be stated here that what project management process suits one project may not suite another project. however in some of the situation the basic framework remains the same. The major process, which should have been followed by the IBM Stretch project, is that the project should have been tested before the actual implementation was made and the problem should have been detected. The problem could have been converted into an architecture then the final design had to be made according to the solution and after this, the deployment process could have been implemented (Verzuh 2015). There are different roles which are involved in the project management concept which is very much vital for the overall worki ng of the project and to reach the outcome of the project. The project execution team mainly incorporates this process. The responsibility of the project execution team and the members of the team are stated below: Development Lead (DL): the development team always has a role to play in the process of development of the project. The group mainly provides a detail explanation or the concept of the architecture of the project. The development lead can be considered as the first line of control taking into consideration the overall working of the project. They mainly guide the developers through the implementation process with the focus of the theory issue. The theory issue is mainly generated from the customer, which provides a guideline onto how the project would be behaving when implemented. Functionality Analysts (FA): the main role of the functionality analysts is to get a clear idea of the project from the project expert so that the planning of the project can be accordingly. This mainly consist of the transformation of the project and the overall working of the project is dependent upon the functionality analyst. Quality Assurance (QA): It can be considered as a thankless position. The main role of this position is to find up bugs and report them. Not only bugs any sort of abnormality, which is seen, is detected by the Quality Assurance team. There are many techniques, which are used by them in order to conduct the job such as auto scripting technique and idea of data. Subject Matter Expert (SME): The subject matter expert has the overall idea about the project and its overall working. They exactly know what has to be done into the framework of the project in order to reach to the desired success of the project. The role of the subject matter expert is very much fluctuating as the need of the clients can continuously change and modification has to make into it accordingly. The main point, which can be stated in this context it is also the role of the subject matter expert to meet the need of the client and know what the client exactly wants. Developer (Dev): the role of the developer is guided by the developer lead. The developer works according to the requirement, which is provided by the developer lead. The developers provide the first implementation of the project taking into consideration the aspect of majorly developing the project. Project Manager (PM): the project manager plays one of the vital role in the sphere of any project development process. He has the role of managing the team as well as checking into that the team is working according to the requirement of the project. The factors of time and cost can also be the role of the project manager. If a project does not meet the expectation of the client, the project manager is one of the person who is responsible for this. Training: The concept of training is important due to the factor that most of the time technological advancement takes place and in order to gain advantage from the process training is the front-runner. The team who is involved in the working should be given appropriate training so that they can be more advanced towards the concept of technology. Development Manager (DM): In case there are, multiple priorities and conflict are tackled by the development manager. The main aim of the development manager is to provide escalation for the team when anything related the project goes wrong (Jrgensen, Mohagheghi and Grimstad 2017). Analysis of the relationship The stakeholders role in ant process of project management can be considered very much essential. The main purpose if the stakeholders and their relationship can be plotted down into few points, which are stated below: Functional manager: the functional managers are also known as the resource manager or the line manager. The role of the stakeholders are somewhat like the functional manager. They provide the organization with the policies for the people who are involved into the concept of development. Sponsor: the stakeholders are the sponsors of the project. They plot down the budget, which should be needed for the proper execution of the project. Project customers: They are a group of people who look after the requirement of the customer and directly convey it to the developers who would be actually implementing the customers requirement. Project team member: They are the actual people who work in a team in order to get everything in place. It is the role of the team member to actually implementation project. They are responsible for looking into the project deadline and the budget of the project. Project management actions Successful delivery of the project taking into consideration all the requirement of the client can be stated as the most significant aspect of a project. The team members, the vendors and the stakeholders should actively work together in a team in order to meet the success of a project. There are few points, which should be taken into consideration that can be considered as the project management action, which would be helping to deliver the project on time they are: Project definition Obtaining the authorization of the project: the process of project management should be taken into consideration and implemented according to the need of the customer or the client. In this aspect in order to meet all the expectation, the project manager is assigned who has the job of looking after the proper working of the project. In order to achieve this a project carter is created which consist of all the elements of recognizing the projects formality, stating the scope of the project and the communication, which is very much important for a project to be successful. Demonstrating the project feasibility and needs: this is mainly the documentation production. This ensures that the essential requirement of the deliverables and the project description. The deliverables over here means what exactly the project is going to deliver. This plan can also state the benefits, which would be achieved after the actual implementation of the project. Apprising all the aspect of the project: This states how the project would meet the project objectives. In order to achieve so the aspects which are majorly taken into consideration re the risk which are associated with the technical safety, commercial and the aspects of the environment. Planning of the project Project scope description: This mainly consist of the project breakdown structure and how the project would be initiated and started. Develop a project schedule: in this process, the breakdown of the work, which has to done, is formed. This is done using network diagram, text tables, Gantt chart or milestone chart. Sequence project activity: The update, which should be received from the work breakdown structure, is achieved here. In this phase, the project network diagram can also be made. Estimation of cost: in this phase the exact estimation of the cost is done taking into account all the aspects of the cost that can be taken into consideration. Execution of the project Project activity control: The aspect of scope and plan is updated in this phase. The evaluation of the task which are completed and the sectors where improve in the quality is needed is also checked here. Execute activities of the project: The result of the work is created in the phase and the overall progress of the project is taken into consideration in this phase. Closing out project activity Closeout activities of a project: This phase can be considered as the most vital part, which finally documents the acceptance of the project towards the client. This is mainly plotted down on paper that the client has accepted the project. Stakeholders Role The stakeholders also play a dominating role in the management action plan. They create an insight of the project. In most of the cases, it is seen that the project manager does not have a clear idea of the project; in such cases, the stakeholders play an active role in managing the overall project. The stakeholders almost every time have a clear idea of what the project is expected to do and can help the project manager in understand the basic concept of the project. They also take into consideration the risk, which can be associated with the project and implement back up plans in order to resolve the issue (Jrgensen, Mohagheghi and Grimstad 2017). Conclusion The report can be concluded on a fact that the project management is a very vital field and each and every sector such as cost, time and resources should be implemented properly. In order to achieve to a standard, which is expected form the point of view of the client the project manager, team and the stakeholders, should work together. In the case study, which is selected, it can be seen that due to lack of testing of the equipment in the initial stages the project was a failure. This is due to the factor that the project did not meet the expectation of the client. Because of which the cost of the product was lowered but this was of no use to the organization because it was already out of the market. The main aim relating to any development is that it should be according to the need of the customer so that they readily accept it. References Braglia, M. and Frosolini, M., 2014. An integrated approach to implement project management information systems within the extended enterprise.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.18-29. Caldern, A. and Ruiz, M., 2015. A systematic literature review on serious games evaluation: An application to software project management.Computers Education,87, pp.396-422. Caldern, A., Ruiz, M. and OConnor, R.V., 2017, October. Coverage of the ISO 21500 Standard in the Context of Software Project Management by a Simulation-Based Serious Game. InInternational Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination(pp. 399-412). Springer, Cham. Conforto, E.C., Salum, F., Amaral, D.C., da Silva, S.L. and de Almeida, L.F.M., 2014. Can agile project management be adopted by industries other than software development?.Project Management Journal,45(3), pp.21-34. da Cunha, J.A.O., da Silva, F.Q., de Moura, H.P. and Vasconcellos, F.J., 2016, September. Towards a substantive theory of decision-making in software project management: Preliminary findings from a qualitative study. InProceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement(p. 20). ACM. Fernndez-Alemn, J.L., Carrillo-de-Gea, J.M., Meca, J.V., Ros, J.N., Toval, A. and Idri, A., 2016. Effects of using requirements catalogs on effectiveness and productivity of requirements specification in a software project management course.IEEE Transactions on Education,59(2), pp.105-118. Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Heldman, K., 2015.PMP project management professional exam deluxe study guide: updated for the 2015 Exam. John Wiley Sons. Honda, K., Nakamura, N., Washizaki, H. and Fukazawa, Y., 2016, October. Case Study: Project Management Using Cross Project Software Reliability Growth Model Considering System Scale. InSoftware Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 41-44). IEEE. Jrgensen, M., Mohagheghi, P. and Grimstad, S., 2017. Direct and indirect connections between type of contract and software project outcome.International Journal of Project Management,35(8), pp.1573-1586. Joslin, R. and Mller, R., 2015. Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1377-1392. Kerzner, H., 2017.Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Maratou, V., Chatzidaki, E. and Xenos, M., 2016. Enhance learning on software project management through a role-play game in a virtual world.Interactive Learning Environments,24(4), pp.897-915. Menzies, T., 2014. Occams razor and simple software project management. InSoftware Project Management in a Changing World(pp. 447-472). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217. Nayebi, M., Ruhe, G., Mota, R.C. and Mufti, M., 2015, November. Analytics for Software Project Management--Where are We and Where do We Go?. InAutomated Software Engineering Workshop (ASEW), 2015 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on(pp. 18-21). IEEE. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Varajo, J., Dominguez, C., Ribeiro, P. and Paiva, A., 2014. Critical success aspects in project management: similarities and differences between the construction and software industry.Tehni?ki vjesnik,21(3), pp.583-589. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Wnuk, K. and Mendes, E., 2015. The project management perspective on software value: a literature review.Proceedings of KKIO.

Issues in Contemporary Accounting Global Accounting Standards

Question: Discuss about theIssues in Contemporary Accountingfor Global Accounting Standards. Answer: Introduction The acceptance of IFRS or global accounting standards is a proposal that has unwearyingly waited in the wings for decades. The enhancing complexities in the financial dealing together with the increasingly global nature of the business environment boosted global accounting standards to be in the limelight. IFRS have been adopted by no. of nations including EU nations; on the other hand, other nations are attempting to adopt the same goal. As the progress has been observed at a higher speed, it does not mean that oppositions are not in existence regarding it. One of the major among it is political factors, but a major extent of these obstacles are easily diffused by the proponents of IFRS. International Harmonization It can be said as a process of regulating and standardising laws of accounting in a globalisedeconomy in order to smoothen the progress ofgrowth. According to Barth, (2013) it is a means through which equality in all accounting laws will be achieved. It aims at promoting efficienciesof competing world by integrating internationalaccounting standards and harmonisedpractices of trading. This process will give way to sharing of technologies for dissemination of information. Such laws of accounting shall be based on four major pillars- Consistency, comprehensiveness and clarity in principles which allow reflection of economic reality into financial reports; Well-built internal controls and efficient corporate governance practices; Self-reliance and realistic auditing practices which reflect the true financial position and economic performance of entities to the outsiders. Establishing an enforcing mechanism which ensures that the principles of accounting and auditing that are laid down are followed. Advantages of International Harmonization The decrease in risk allocable to investments- The world economy will be advantaged from enhanced educated investment decisions. The same will provide speed overall global economic growth. As per the study of Beke (2013), if same standards would be applicable, experts will be able to interpret financial information relating to an entity of any nation in an appropriate manner. Making investment decision more appropriate by making comparability easier- One of the important method adopted for financial analysis of enterprises is comparing financial information of a kind of organisations in the competition. Internationally adopted of AS will enhance the methodology of comparing similar industries and would make investment decisions efficient and appropriate (Bazley and et.al. 2013). Decreasing cost- Multi-national corporations have to assess their accounting information to check whether the same is in accordance with multiple applicable accounting standards or not .In case same standards are applicable, countries having limited resources could also take advantage of international accounting standards. Easy listing on Stock Exchanges- It is necessary for an entity to comply with financial reporting requirements in order to get listed on the stock exchange through which it wishes to sell its securities (Bentley, Omer and Sharp, 2013). The benefit will be received to the stock exchanges at the global level as harmonisation of accounting standards, as after harmonisation of standard more companies begin to adopt the international standard for getting eligible for listing. Challenges in Standardisation of Accounting Standards The above-specified advantages can be achieved after implementing the harmonised standards of accounting, but the same has to face a variety of challenges. Every country has their own accounting methods which are governed through different specified authorities. In some countries accounting standards are regulated through government authorities; on the other hand in some countries, same are governed by professional organisations. In case harmonisation is implemented a major change will come in power of above authorities and accepting such change is a major challenge for those authorities. The disparity in Accounting Practices- The profuse dissimilarity in practices followed globally for accounting, would definitely lead to substantial changes (Bonin,2013). These changes would lead to major expenses on the part of the businesses in complying with the new international standard. Thereby would reduce the sovereignty of all businesses. Designing a structure which works for all countries- Formulation of a structure of international accounting standard that is asequaltely bendable in order to deal with all the issues faced by nations with differing circumstances is difficult to discover (Deegan, 2013.). Standardisation- The international harmonisation gives rise to a controversial issue that what standards should be adopted globally. Owing to vast cultural differences between nations, countries may outlook observance with international standards as a danger to their autonomy and nationalism. According to Hellman and et.al. (2015), harmonisation of accounting standards at international level will surely raise the question of rules versus principals. IFRS are principally based thus the countries which implement standards as per the rules will experience considerable obstacles in achieving it. Smoothen working of capital markets- It is believed that U.S. accounting standards very complicated and it is argued that when capital market have already adjusted to international business without a harmonised set standard then why to make such changes. Critics also believe that as the present system is working in an appropriate manner, hence there is no need for harmonising standards (Harrison and et.al. 2014). Shortage of trained manpower- It is one of the big challenges for countries who are attempting to adopt IFRS, as there is a shortage of manpower and specifically IFRS-trained manpower. The same has been observed recently when Chinas listed company adopted IFRS, a drastic growth in demand for accountants was seen. It was because new standards affected not only listed companies but all the companies. No serving for different reporting philosophy- International Accounting Standard Board is majorly focused on accomplishing needs of investors and capital markets (Wang, 2014.). It would be a tough job to harmonise standards for countries which have a different financial reporting philosophy)by. Conclusion The above report depicts that if the convergence project succeeds into converting in a future agreement between these two standards sets than global financial reporting will be based on one set of standards. Thus, with the adoption of same the ultimate goal of international reporting will be attained. References Books and Journal Barth, M.E. 2013. Measurement in financial reporting: The need for concepts. Accounting Horizons. 28(2). Pp.331-352. Beke, J. 2013. Problems Caused by Accounting Diversity. InInternational Accounting Harmonization(Pp. 79-83). Palgrave Macmillan US. Bazley, M., Hancock, P., Fisher, C., and et.al. 2013.Financial Accounting: An Integrated. Thomson Pty Ltd, South Melbourne. Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y. 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort. Contemporary Accounting Research. 30(2). pp.780-817. Bonin, H. 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Deegan, C. 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Harrison, W.T., Horngren, C.T., Thomas, C.B. and et.al. 2014. Financial accounting: international financial reporting standards. Hellman, N. and et.al. 2015. The persistence of international accounting differences as measured on transition to IFRS.Accounting and Business Research. 45(2). Pp.166-195. Wang, C. 2014. Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research.52(4). Pp.955-992.