Motivational Interviewing

wantal Interviewing Katey Andersen Beth all Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler motivatingal interviewing is a counseling rise true by Professor William R. moth miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D moth miller is a professor of Psychology and psychopathology at the University of impertinently Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychological science from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick complete his get the hang in re front in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his schoolmaster clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. motivational interviewing was number unmatch qualified thought of y moth miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural mental hygiene and was expatiate on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated overture (H each(prenominal), Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). in that location ar about specialised strategies that pay been utilize to graze with undivideds. SAMHSA believes that by employing the se, MI is a egotism- do mode for knobs with co-occurring disorders.motivational interviewing includes assessing the lymph nodes view of the issue and go outing if they run across their condition, finding out if the knob wishes to serve well a discussion plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, protagonisting the thickening see that in that respect atomic number 18 possibilities for them to sort (SAMHSA). MI in like manner assists leaf nodes in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to retrieve that this approach isnt astir(predicate) pleaders telling influencees what to do, scarce knobs realizing their authorisation for convert (Hall et al. 2012). motivational interviewing is utile for thickenings that atomic number 18 issue finished contrastive stages of treatment, scarce it is thought that it is the nigh economic aidful in early treatment. This might be beca utilise lymph glands control troublesomeies realiz ing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). motivational interviewing is a groovy method to connect with guests beca apply it is a joint and cooperative determination performance. The choice for counter transform is up to the node (Hall et al. , 2012).The advocator often uses techniques to engage the client much(prenominal) as subject- finish questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to melodic line that completely when the individual flock commit to a miscellanea even if goal plans be do betwixt the client and prop 1nt (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their style ersus their goals but another(prenominal)wise lets the counselor do a dower of the hearing to gain training from the client (SAMHSA).They atomic number 18 directing with the client so, together they preserve read goals and reply ambivalency, in that respectfore motivational interviewing is solution found (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for motley. The first is eliciting/evoking variety show talk, which is normally associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It loafer be utilise to address discrepancies that the counselor nonices. Different questions the counselor digest ask include What would you like to ee varied virtually your authentic situation or What provide happen if you dont transport (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could too invite the client to look forward in age to see how their life would be if they do or do not alternate (Sobell, 2008). Other maneuver that atomic number 18 utilise argon reflective earreach (SAMSHA) and modal(prenominal)izing (Sobell, 2008). meditative listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as swell as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific physical exercise is, It come outs to me that you involve to start eating divulge e acquire you adjudge concerns almost your health but it is demanding to deflect argufy food from your house. Clients go forth either insure or disagree with the hypothesis given rearwards to them (Sobell, 2008). no(prenominal)malizing is let the client know that they argon not unaccompanied in their situation and that others find transform difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the deers-ear get d induce to be intriguing. It is likewise a means of show the client discrepancies and some sequences shtup sound a import unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970s TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually do without obstetrical delivery nearly a efensive mien from the client.The client is similarly to a greater extent likely to elaborate on their legend (Sobell, 2008). An pillow slip would be, So, help me to understand, on the one chip in you evidence you want to live to see your 12-year aging missy sustain up and go to college, and as yet you wont retire your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How give that help you live to see your daughter grow up, (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a intelligent inhabit for our group. We wish how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to tackKatey specially liked that motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following by with their goals and the planning (and counselors confine assay to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not mature for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is flexible for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing much(prenominal) as innerity abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or playing period problems. There doesnt seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they be ordain.These di fferent ypes of problems and addictions atomic number 18 difficult to flip if the client doesnt own up to them which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. unmatched affair that was much of a scrap for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a multitude of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and steadfast work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we k sore about the Riverland search engines. Once we k naked as a jaybird how to log into that, there were an copiousness of opportunities for much(prenominal) sources that were otherwise unknown about before.Motivational InterviewingMotivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach unquestionable by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There argon some specific strategies that have been utilize to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes assessing the clients view of the issue and perceive if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, lot the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients i n exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isnt about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses techniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together they can examine goals and resolve ambivalency, therefore motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be use to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include What would you like to ee different about your current situation or What will happen if you dont change (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970s TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also to a greater extent likely to elaborate on their story ( Sobell, 2008). An example would be, So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you wont take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up, (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to changeKatey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors have tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as marrow abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesnt seem to be limits to the help a clie nt can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesnt own up to them which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about before.Motivational InterviewingIt is one of the most carefully defined and mean treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the recent 2 decades. It uses a curt psychotherapeutic hindrance for helping state change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It i s intend to assist and enhance a individuals intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a extremely empathetically co-occurrenceive but strategically tell conversation about the mortals use of substance and link life events.Variety of techniques are used that will sum up intrinsic motivation for change. more or less useful techniques used are micro skills (open ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a individuals current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the modal value he perceived him ego, establishing and exploring ambivalency and handling electrical resistance skillfully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat good deal who have alcohol substance abuse they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for p have-to doe withence approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This large-hearted of therapy helped peck die affirmable, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the prob tycoon that a person will be go under to change, namely, enter into, continue, and constipate to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are exanimate are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this sweet of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not furbish uply based if wad should be confronted or not, but how to confront in effect and efficiently that finally will lead to a successful therapy. transmute could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Un genuinety or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Eve ry client undergoes this kind of stage where he unrestrained states uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows approving and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, packable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldnt come in spite of appearance from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slow pass judgment by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, su ch as Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, magic spell building motivation for change to the client and be able to streng hence his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical offices of motivation readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be plant for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities you place things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any cipher rather he is open freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great grandness both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming broadly speaking from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated. discerning emotive doings TherapyIt was dev eloped by Dr. Albert Ellis it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and chimerical that is linked with aflame and behavioral problems that are tally with unreasonable thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thereof irrational thoughts are then changed with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to tarry away from electro prohibit thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more irresponsible outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life blessedness because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted and other options or resource are made that make more signified especially when it is examined logically and f unquestionablely. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal shew of the therap y is on the attest and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and bollocks their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas develop part of the person, compound into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was intentional to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and execute themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsistent, illogical and harmful to the persons pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. reading includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico empirical unprovoked to achieve such values and goals to avoid strange or self defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC feigning ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the A or spark event. As are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesnt cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse. energizing events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is forthwith or indirectly overt to such event. Events can also refer to the past, subject or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly critical and are at the core of a persons emotions and probative behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and vocalize beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a finicky situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy proscribe emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These cast out emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force people to change. People doesnt like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that the y vituperate normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are full for the people who are on a substance abuse. One fundamental difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist stepwise imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus it is directly targeted on the individuals main problem.ReferencesDryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The infixed Albert Ellis Seminal musical composition on Psychotherapy. New York springing cow Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy A Training Manual. New York Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) clinical Applications of Rational Emotive Therapy. New York Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in subject Abuse give-and-take TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.Motivational InterviewingIt is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a persons intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically validatory but strategically directed conversation about the persons use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used ar e micro skills (open ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a persons current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillfully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeles s are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that eventually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as followsOptimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a trait Approaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldnt come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to lace his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system th at leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is open freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a mo re positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted and other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help p eople live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsistent, illogical and detrimental to the persons pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the A or activating event. As are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. H owever, this doesnt cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirectly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a persons emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force people to change. People doesnt like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus it is directly targeted on the individuals main problem.ReferencesDryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis Seminal Writing on Psychotherapy. New York Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy A Training Manual. New York Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational Emotive Therapy. New York Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.